Ketegangan antara Transisi Energi Bersih dan Keadilan Sosial: Analisis Proyek Geothermal Mataloko dalam Perspektif Justice as Fairness John Rawls

Abstract

The development of geothermal energy in Indonesia is part of the national energy transition strategy aimed at reducing dependence on fossil fuels and strengthening the utilization of renewable energy sources. However, clean energy development does not always generate equal benefits for all social groups. The Mataloko geothermal project in Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, represents an example of renewable energy development that has created debates between national energy security interests and the socio-economic and environmental impacts experienced by local communities. This study aims to analyze justice issues in the development of the Mataloko geothermal project through John Rawls’ theory of justice, particularly the concept of justice as fairness, the equal liberty principle, and the difference principle. This research employs a normative legal research method using a conceptual approach and a case approach. The data were obtained through literature studies involving academic books, scientific journals, legal regulations, and various reports related to the Mataloko geothermal project. The findings indicate that although the Mataloko geothermal project has strategic objectives in supporting clean energy development, its implementation still raises justice concerns because local communities bear significant development risks, including environmental degradation, health problems, and reduced sources of livelihood. From Rawls’ perspective, fair development should not only be assessed based on economic benefits and energy production but also based on the extent to which affected communities receive protection, participation opportunities, and proportional distribution of benefits. Therefore, renewable energy development requires an approach that not only prioritizes energy sustainability but also ensures social justice for affected communities.